Despite all this, it has been such an influential translation that even modern editions in the Hindi language are re-translations of the Burton version. He also removes the agency of women, and where in the original, women's words are direct quotes, in the Burton translation, women's words are removed and put into the passive state (i.e., A woman saying 'Stop!' becomes 'She continually utters words expressive of prohibition'). This was seen as an attempt to distance them and make them 'other', rather than about English people's sexual organs. Other criticisms levelled at Burton's translation is that instead of using English words for the sex organs, he uses the words 'lingam' and 'yoni', despite those words not appearing in the original work.
It was edited by Burton to suit prevailing British attitudes to sex, but was still banned in England and the United States until 1962. Burton did not in fact translate the Kama Sutra - it was translated by the Indian scholar Bhagwan Lal Indraji. Indeed, Vatsyayana says himself: 'This work is not to be used merely as an instrument for satisfying our desires'. Although it is often thought of as a sex manual, it is much more, with guides on living well, the nature of love, and finding a partner. Vatsayana was an ancient Indian philosopher who lived during the second or third century. The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana by Richard Francis Burton is an edition of the ancient Indian text on sexuality and emotional needs.
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